Agricultural sector is play a vital role in the Sudan economy and is considered to be the backbone of industrial development in the country. Sudan lost both south Sudan and oil revenues, the poverty increased among Sudanese. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the role of agriculture in post-separation development in Sudan. However, it missed opportunities on a number of occasions due to inappropriate economic policies, continues recent region conflicts. The key massage from the studies examined in this paper is that agricultural sector in Sudan still face many challenges. Among the challenges are absence of political commitment to implement plans, disabling agriculture policies, a high level of bureaucracy in government agencies, low level of research and development (R &D), and block the access to the trade and financial institutions and development. These characteristics suggest that the government efforts are not delivered enough to overcome these problems. In this paper, a historical analysis has been undertaken to demonstrate how, despite its large agricultural potential, Sudan counterparts on a number of occasions. This vital role in the current post-separation inclusive development strategy in term of generating much needed foreign exchange, poverty alleviation via employment generation, accelerating economic growth and up lifting living standard of all Sudanese.